| Sources of Motivational Needs | |
| behavioral/external |
|
| social |
|
| biological |
|
| cognitive |
|
| affective |
|
| conative |
|
| spiritual |
|
Theories of motivation
Many of the theories of motivation address issues introduced previously in these materials. The following provides a brief overview to any terms or concepts that have not been previously discussed.
| Internal | External | |
| No Control | Ability | Luck |
| Control | Effort | Task Difficulty |
Motivation = Perceived Probability of Success (Expectancy) *
Connection of Success and Reward (Instrumentality) *
Value of Obtaining Goal (Valance, Value)
Alderfer’s Hierarchy of Motivational Needs
|
Level of Need |
Definition |
Properties |
|---|---|---|
|
Growth |
Impel a person to make creative or productive effects on himself and his environment | Satisfied through using capabilities in engaging problems; creates a greater sense of wholeness and fullness as a human being |
|
Relatedness |
Involve relationships with significant others | Satisfied by mutually sharing thoughts and feelings; acceptance, confirmation, under- standing, and influence are elements |
|
Existence |
Includes all of the various forms of material and psychological desires | When divided among people one person’s gain is another’s loss if resources are limited |
|
Intrinsic |
Extrinsic |
|
|
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25 Diet Tips!
1) Resolve to never supersize your food portions-unless you want to supersize your clothes.
2) Start eating a big breakfast. It helps you eat fewer total calories throughout the day.
3) Eating out? Halve it, and bag the rest. A typical restaurant entree has 1,000 to 2,000 calories, not
even counting the bread, appetizer, beverage, and dessert.
4) When dining out, make it automatic: Order one dessert to share.
5) Eat the low-cal items on your plate first, then graduate. Start with salads, veggies, and broth
soups. Eat meats and starches last, by the time you get to them, you’ll be full enough to be content
with smaller portions of the high-calorie choices.
6) Instead of whole milk, switch to 1 percent. If you drink one 8-oz glass a day, you’ll lose 5 lb in a
year. Juice has as many calories, ounce for ounce, as soda. Set a limit of one 8-oz glass of fruit juice a
day.
7) Get calories from foods you chew, not beverages.
8) Slow Down! Eating at a slower pace allows your mind to register the food that is in your stomach,
and can prevent overeating.
9) Keep a food journal. It really works wonders.
10) Follow the Chinese saying: “Eat until you are eight-tenths full.”
11) Use mustard instead of mayo.
12) Eat more soup, the noncreamy ones are filling but low-cal.
13) Cut back or cut out caloric drinks such as soda, sweet tea, lemonade, etc. People have lost weight
by making just this one change. If you have a 20-oz bottle of Coca-Cola every day, switch to Diet
Coke. You should lose 25 lb in a year.
14) Limit alcohol to weekends.
15) Have a V8 or tomato juice instead of a Diet Coke at 3 pm.
16) At a buffet? Eating a little of everything guarantees high calories. Decide on three or four things,
only one of which is high in calories. Save that for last so there’s less chance of overeating.
17) Dance to music with your family in your home. One dietitian reported that when she asks her patients to do this, initially they just smile, but once they’ve done it, they say it is one of the easiestways to involve the whole family in exercise.
18) Next time you’re feeling wiped out in late afternoon, forgo that cup of coffee and reach for a cup
of yogurt instead. The combination of protein, carbohydrate, and fat in an 8-ounce serving of low-fat
yogurt will give you a sense of fullness and well-being that coffee can’t match, as well as some vital
nutrients.
19) If you haven’t eaten in 3 to 4 hours, your blood glucose levels are probably dropping, so eating a
small amount of nutrient-rich food will give your brain and your body a boost.
20) Drink more water! Water will not only prevent your body from becoming dehydrated, it will also
help your body to continue to work efficiently throughout the day. Any type of calorie free beverages
(ex. diet soda) can be consumed throughout the day as well. We often think that we are ‘hungry’
when we are actually just ‘thirsty’ so drink a glass of water before you head for the fridge!
21) Eat more fruit. A person who gets enough fruit in his diet doesn’t have a raging sweet tooth.
22) Eat your sweets, just eat them smart! Carve out about 150 calories per day for your favorite sweet. That amounts to about an ounce of chocolate, half a modest slice of cake, or 1/2 cup of regularice cream.
23) Eat breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The large majority of people who struggle with night eating are
those who skip meals or don’t eat balanced meals during the day. This is a major setup for overeating
at night.
24) If you’re eating at night due to emotions, you need to focus on getting in touch with what’s going
on and taking care of yourself in a way that really works. Find a nonfood method of coping with your
stress.
25) Brush your teeth right after dinner to remind you: No more food.
download for another tips
Quotations
1. “There is no Royal Road to Geometry.”
— Euclid
2. “Mathematics is the Queen of the Sciences, and number theory the queen of mathematics..”
— Carl Friedrich Gauss
3. “We’ve all heard that a million monkeys banging on a million typewriters will eventually reproduce the entire works of Shakespeare. Now, thanks to the internet, we know this is not true.”
— Professor Robert Silensky
4. “One machine can do the work of fifty men. No machine can do the work of one extraordinary man.”
5. “If I have seen farther than other men, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”
— Isaac Newton
6. “When I get a little money, I buy books; and if any is left, I buy food and clothes.”
— Erasmus
7. “The length of your education is less important than its breadth, and the length of your life is less important than its depth.”
— Marilyn vos Savant
8. “Your work is to discover your work and then with all your heart to give yourself to it.”
— Buddha
9. “A mind is a fire to be kindled, not a vessel to be filled.”
— Plutarch
10. “The greater part of our happiness or misery depends on our dispositions, and not on our circumstances.”
— Martha Washington
11 . “The world is not given to you by your parents. It is loaned to you by your children.”
— Kenyan proverb
12. “If a man hasn’t found something he will die for, he isn’t fit to live.”
— Martin Luther King, Jr.
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